Category: BA100

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As 2019 draws to a close, so does BA’s centenary year.

At the start of the year, there was always a suspicion that however well BA could try to choreograph its celebrations, they would inevitably be disrupted by “events”.

And so it proved to be. After an initially successful start with the launch of centenary liveries and special product launches an industrial dispute with its pilots which had been simmering for some time exploded on the exact weekend of its centenary. The dispute has since been settled but it has undoubtedly cast a shadow over the end of its centenary year.

To mark the occasion we published a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. If you want to read the full countdown in numerical order you can do so here.

Rather than simply repeat the whole list here, the 100 articles have been grouped by some of the major themes below:

A Primer

To begin, a brief history of BA and its predecessor airlines.

Advertising Campaigns

The Art Of The Poster. How Imperial Airways, BOAC and BEA used the poster to great effect to sell the relatively new concept of civil aviation.

“Kiss Me Goodnight, Sergeant Major” A mildly unsettling BOAC TV advertisement from the 1960s.

Rosalind Hanby, was the face of British Airways during the 1970s and early 1980s.

Chutzpah & Chutzpah – One of the most famous advertising agency / client relationships in the world: BA and Charles & Maurice Saatchi.

“The World’s Favourite Airline” One of the most powerful airline advertising slogans of all time used by BA between 1983 and 2001.

“Manhattan” Saatchi & Saatchi’s first major work for British Airways, a big budget cinematic TV advertisement, signalling BA’s intention to be “The World’s Favourite Airline.”

“The Sun Never Sets On British Airways” From 1985 when BA starts to promote not just its global reach and network, but also its in-flight service.

BA’s 1989 advertising campaign, a period of self-confidence when BA sought to be a truly global airline.

One of the greatest airline TV advertisements of all time, and one of the most effective use of non-airline imagery by an airline, “The Face” from 1989.

“Arrive Home” An advertising campaign from the early 1990s highlighting one of the best aspects of business travel – getting back home.

“Surprise, Surprise” A viral cinema stunt conjured up Saatchi & Saatchi in 1991 to market BA Holidays.

When BA gave away every single seat on every international flight to and from the UK in 1991 in The World’s Biggest Offer.

“Where Is Everybody?” asks BA in a TV advertising campaign from 1994.

From 1996, not all BA advertisements age well with time.

Do you believe in Concorde? Could you really fly on Concorde to visit Santa Claus in Lapland?

A look at the work of the advertising agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty for BA, which won the BA advertising account in 2005 and lives by the mantra “When the world zigs, Zag”.

“Opportunities” BA’s post Lehman Brothers collapse advertising campaign to encourage passengers to fly again.

“Don’t Fly” BA tells its customers to stay at home during the London 2012 Olympic Games.

“Look Up” An interactive billboard advertisement that identified BA aircraft flying overhead to celebrate the magic of flying.

Aircraft

“Swift, silent, serene” the much loved BOAC VC10 aircraft operated in the 1960s and 1970s.

“Trident Over Europe” The short-haul aircraft serving BEA and BA from 1962 to 1986.

Concorde. The flagship aircraft, and never to be replaced brand halo, of BA for 27 supersonic years.

The Queen Of The Skies, the Boeing 747 which will remain in service at BA until 2024.

Known for its rocket like take-off the Boeing 757 was the workhorse of BA’s short-haul fleet in the 1980s and 1990s.

Probably one of the most frustrating yet endearing aircraft for both BA passengers and crew in recent decades, the Boeing 767.

The workhorse of BA’s short-haul operation today, the Airbus A320 family aircraft.

2 Engines 4 Long-Haul. An aircraft that is hard for passengers to love, but the twin-engine Boeing 777-200 became the mainstay of BA’s long-haul fleet from the mid 1990s.

One of BA’s most popular long-haul aircraft for passengers, the Airbus A380.

Aircraft Liveries

The Negus Livery The first BA livery following the merger of BEA and BOAC in 1974.

The livery designed by Landor Associates in the early 1980s to revamp BA’s image and prepare the airline for privatisation.

“Project Utopia”, BA’s ill-fated and much misunderstood World Images tailfins from 1997.

The Chatham Dockyard livery, first introduced on Concorde in 1997, and is now across all of BA’s fleet.

Airports

BA’s principal UK hub, London Heathrow Airport.

Originally known as the BOAC Terminal, Terminal 7 is the only terminal at New York JFK airport owned and operated by an international airline.

London Gatwick Airport, “The hub without the hubbub.” BA’s attempt at a dual London hub in the 1990s.

London City Airport, BA’s base in the Royal Docks, East London, which has grown significantly in the past decade.

“So calm, you’ll simply flow through”. BA’s promise for London Heathrow Terminal 5 which opened in chaotic fashion in March 2008.

A look at how British Airways lounges have evolved over the past 40 years.

Continue reading “As Christmas is a time for repeats…”

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Well what did you think would be Number 1?

You can fly the most advanced commercial aircraft with market leading cabins all supported by big budget advertising campaigns, but if you don’t have the people – both in the aircraft and on the ground – to deliver the service, it all falls flat.

As recent events have shown relations can become strained – it wouldn’t be BA if its centenary wasn’t interrupted by “events” – but in its people BA has a phenomenal wealth of flying “know how” based on decades of experience and passion for aviation.

Continue reading “BA100: Number One.”

London Air Travel » British Airways » BA100

This article was first published in the summer of 2019 as part of a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. You can read the full series in numerical order, by theme or by decade.

“You leave. Arrive before”.

That was the promise of Concorde.

One of the 20th century’s greatest design icons and the world’s only supersonic aircraft, flying at around twice the speed of sound at 1,350mph and at an altitude of 60,000 feet.

Concorde was in commercial service at BA from 1976 to 2003. In that time more than 2.5 million passengers flew on the fleet of seven aircraft. It operated scheduled services principally to New York, but also at times to Barbados, Bahrain, Dallas Fort Worth, Miami, Singapore and Washington. It also operated charter flights to over 250 destinations worldwide, including annual flights to Lapland.

One of its most frequent passengers was an oil industry executive who notched up 70 return trips a year.

Concorde also benefited from its own dedicated “cellar in the sky” wine collection and the promise that bags would be delivered to passengers within 8 minutes of arrival.

Concorde Inaugural Flights & Routes

Concorde began scheduled passenger flights with a twice weekly service from London Heathrow to Bahrain on 21 January 1976.

A few months later, on 24 May 1976, BA operated its inaugural Concorde service from London Heathrow to Washington Dulles.

It took some time to secure approval for Concorde to fly to New York JFK, which proved to be the last Concorde route. Concorde began scheduled services to New York on 22 November 1977.

In December of that year, the Concorde service to Bahrain was extended to Singapore, operated in conjunction with Singapore Airlines.

Flights to Singapore had to use Indonesian airspace as Malaysia refused to allow the use of its airspace on environmental grounds. Flights were temporarily suspended for a year until Malaysia allowed use of its airspace in December 1978.

In 1979, Concorde’s service to Washington was extended to Dallas / Fort Worth, with that sector operated by Braniff International crew. The service to Dallas was suspended by Braniff in June 1980, citing rising fuel costs.

On 27 March 1984, BA’s Concorde service to Washington was also extended to Miami three times weekly.

Charter Flights

In its 27 year history Concorde operated many charter flights.

These were not just for members of the Royal Family and senior politicians, but also members of the public.

By the mid-1980s Concorde had developed a very lucrative charter business which made the aircraft much more accessible to the public.

One notable trip took place in February 1985 when a Concorde completed a trip from London to Sydney in 17 hours, 3 hours and 45 seconds as a charter for Cunard. The aircraft landed in Sydney on 14 February 1985 having stopped in Bahrain, Colombo and Perth for refuelling. The day before, BA took out a full page advert in The Times with the message “DARLING SYDNEY Will be breaking all records to be with you on the 14th Love Concorde XX.”

Other charters for Cunard included Cape Town. On 28 March 1985, Concorde broke the speed record for a flight from London to Cape Town, taking eight hours and eight minutes with a refuelling stop in Monrovia, Liberia. This beat the previous record of 11 hours and 54 minutes, set by a Boeing 747 in 1977.

Concorde Aircraft & Liveries

Concorde Advertising

Concorde was used relatively sparingly in BA advertising. Partly because of exclusivity, and partly because it’s not the sort of service that needs advertising.

Continue reading “BA100: 2. Concorde”

London Air Travel » British Airways » BA100

This article was first published in the summer of 2019 as part of a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. You can read the full series in numerical order, by theme or by decade.

When the idea for what is possibly the greatest airline advertisement of all time was presented by Saatchi & Saatchi to BA, it is existed solely as a rough scribble on a single sheet of paper.

BA had asked Saatchi to prepare a new blockbuster advertising campaign. Saatchi had presented two ideas, which by its own admission were fairly unremarkable, to an unimpressed BA.

They then pulled a rabbit out of the hat. Out came a crumpled piece of paper bearing a sketch with the fairly unappealing sight of a disconnected smiling mouth, an eye, and a nose and a scribbled face.

But BA bought into the idea. And so “The Face” was born.

Continue reading “BA100: 3. “The Face””

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Pan American World Airways, for whom the Boeing 747 aircraft was designed, was the first airline to operate passenger flights, from New York to London on 21 January 1970. 

It may seem strange to think now, but there were doubts as to whether airlines could fill the aircraft with passengers. In addition, there were concerns about the ability of airports to handle the aircraft, at the time the biggest passenger jet in service. Both London Heathrow and New York JFK had to implement makeshift arrangements to handle the aircraft. 

“All the 747 needed was BOAC service.”

BOAC began passenger flights from London to New York on 14 April 1971.

It had been delayed by a year, partly due to an industrial dispute with its pilots. You can see footage of the cabin interior, with its Monarch lounge on the upper deck in this video:

The 747 would be progressively added to many North American routes.

Continue reading “BA100: 4. The Queen of the Skies, The Boeing 747”

London Air Travel » British Airways » BA100

This article was first published in the summer of 2019 as part of a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. You can read the full series in numerical order, by theme or by decade.

Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge was recruited by Lord King to be Chief Executive of the airline in 1983.

Together with Lord King and Saatchi & Saatchi, Lord Marshall is credited with BA’s turnaround in the 1980s.

Lord Marshall had previously been Chief Executive of Avis in the United States. The UK was of course a very different country in the early 1980s. Those in the UK who had been to the United States in the 1970s knew, for all of the faults of the US, of the competitive power of the market. Lord Marshall would later say:

“In a deregulated environment, where government policies can no longer fix markets and offer competitive protection, who calls the shots? The answer is obvious: the customer. It is the essential truth of the new world competitive order – of global business development – that customer choice, preference and demand are its real driving forces.”

Like Lord King, Lord Marshall joined BA with no experience of working in the aviation industry. Speaking to the New York Times in 1989, Lord Marshall said of BA:

”There was very little understanding of what the passengers wanted and what the marketplace was all about,” ”And ‘marketing’ was a word that did not exist in the company. They had a commercial director, but no marketing director.”

Lord Marshall oversaw a “night of the long knives” which resulted in the dismissal of over 70 senior managers.

“Almost like an archaeological excavation, we had to sweep away the dust and dirt of generations of economic and attitudinal litter, in order to expose the treasure trove of air transport quality that we knew had accumulated over years of network, product and technical development. Then it needed to be polished to the point where it would both attract the customer and dazzle the competition.”

Continue reading “BA100: 5. Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge”

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This article was first published in the summer of 2019 as part of a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. You can read the full series in numerical order, by theme or by decade.

It was in January 1988 that BA introduced the “Club World” brand, roughly ten years after the concept of long-haul business class first became known.

Initially, long-haul business class was simply a separate part of the economy cabin for full fare passengers. Then, BA introduced its Super Club cabin.

BA claimed that the introduction of Club World in 1988 which featured a dedicated crew for the first time, improved catering and ground services, increased traffic by 31%.

Since then, Club World has become by far BA’s most important cabin and it has featured the airline’s biggest innovations. The financial performance of BA is inextricably linked to the volume of Club World traffic. So much so, it was to become known as the “profit engine” of BA.

The First Club World Seats

The initial Club World seat was a “slumber seat”.

In the 1990s, BA maintained a regular pace of change in the cabin. Another new cabin interior and seat was introduced in the early 1990s with seat-back TV for the first time.

The Cradle Seat

The next significant change to Club World came with the “Cradle Seat” in 1996.

The concept behind this seat was that rather than simply reclining, the seat would tilt and, with the aid of “ears” in the headrest and a built in leg-rest, it would support the entire body whatever the position of the seat.

“Presenting a revolutionary view from business class”

At the turn of the century, BA announced one of the most significant innovations in its history, the first fully flat bed in business class.

Designed by tangerine, it featured a patented “yin-yang” layout of rear and forward facing seats that would convert into fully flat beds.

Continue reading “BA100: 6. Club World”

London Air Travel » British Airways » BA100

This article was first published in the summer of 2019 as part of a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. You can read the full series in numerical order, by theme or by decade.

Her Majesty The Queen has a long history with BA and its predecessor airlines. 

On 31 January 1952, The Queen, then Princess Elizabeth, bid farewell to King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and Princess Margaret at London airport before departing on a BOAC Argonaut “Atlanta” G-ALHK aircraft with Prince Philip for a world tour of Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

The aircraft routed via RAF El Adem (Libya) for refuelling and a change of crew. This trip was cut short following the unexpected death of King George VI. Princess Elizabeth returned a week later from Kenya via El Adem on the same BOAC aircraft as Queen Elizabeth II.

BA has the original telegram received on the flight home from the Queen Mother to her daughter, which read: 

To: Her Majesty The Queen 
All my thoughts and prayers are with you. 
Mummie 
Buckingham Palace 

The message was received over the radio, written directly into the Captain’s log book and then copied out by hand onto a BOAC signal form, before being presented to Her Majesty. 

BEA, BOAC and BA have flown The Queen on many state visits and tours.

These include the 1953 and 1954 Commonwealth tours (on a BOAC Stratocruiser), Canada and the US in 1957 (on a BOAC DC-7C aircraft), Bermuda and Jamaica 1963 (on a BOAC Stratocruiser), New Zealand in 1974, Japan in 1975, the Commonwealth Silver Jubilee tour 1977 (on Concorde), the Middle East in 1979 (on Concorde), a state visit to China in 1986 (Lockheed L-1011 Tristar) and Australia in 2011 (non-stop from London to Perth on a Boeing 777).

Continue reading “BA100: 7. Royal Duties.”

London Air Travel » British Airways » BA100

This article was first published in the summer of 2019 as part of a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. You can read the full series in numerical order, by theme or by decade.

BA, like much of the world, entered the 21st century with a sense of optimism.

There had been some difficult years with the adverse reaction to World Tailfins. The airline was also facing increased competition from low cost carriers and in 1999 reported its worst financial results since 1982.

“21st Century Air Travel”

However, at the turn of the century, there was a cause for optimism.

Under the theme of “21st century air travel” the airline was making significant investments in all of its cabins with entirely new World Traveller Plus and Club World cabins and revamped Club Europe, World Traveller and First cabins.

One event of course changed everything. 11 September 2001 was the single worst day in aviation history. The events of that day and its substantial human cost are well known. It had a profound impact on the US psyche and global geopolitics which are still felt to this day.

For BA, there was the immediate impact of the closure of US airspace. 22 BA aircraft were diverted and it took days to fully restore transatlantic flights. At the time many wondered whether air travel would ever be the same again. Many security measures were implemented such as locking the doors to the flight deck in flight and the submission of advance passenger lists to US authorities.

BA subsequently announced a review of its business which became known as “Future Size and Shape”. This resulted in a substantial cut in capacity, thousands of job losses, and cost-cutting initiatives. Some projects that were already underway such as improving profitability at Gatwick were accelerated. Many long-haul routes were suspended such as Manila and Taipei.

This set the course for BA the rest of the decade with a focus on improving its balance sheet, removing legacy complexity and no significant capacity growth. It was only towards the start of this decade did BA start growing again.

Many at IAG, mindful that Ryanair was able to secure a substantial discount from Boeing for new aircraft after 11 September 2001, are determined that this does not happen again. Put in fairly crude terms, they want the next shock to the aviation industry to be an opportunity, not a problem, for IAG.

Continue reading “BA100: 8. The Day That Changed The World”

London Air Travel » British Airways » BA100

This article was first published in the summer of 2019 as part of a 100 part series on the history of BA and its predecessor airlines. You can read the full series in numerical order, by theme or by decade.

BEA and BOAC trace their history of what was then known as London airport to the 1940s, replacing Croydon and Northolt airports as their hubs.

BOAC operated its first service from London Heathrow in 1946 and BEA in 1950. Heathrow has been BA’s principal UK hub for the entirety of its existence. Attempts to create a second hub at Gatwick failed and BA has withdrawn virtually all operations from UK regional airports.

BA’s main home at Heathrow was Terminal 1 from 1968 to 2008 until the opening of Terminal 5, with a brief reprise from 2012 to 2015 following BA’s purchase of bmi.

It has also operated flights from Terminal 3, and from Terminal 4 when it opened in 1986. Terminal 4 was ill-suited in its design for long-haul flights and a problematic location because it is located south of the southern runway, so you have to cross an active runway to reach the north runway.

BA’s time at Heathrow has not always been a happy one. As an airport that is virtually full there is little slack to withstand any operational disruption. Before the opening of Terminal 5 BA had signifiant problems with punctuality and baggage handling, particularly for transfer passengers.

It has also not always had a good working relationship with the airport. Events such as the opening of Terminal 5 and the snow disruption at Christmas 2010 exposed a dysfunctional working relationship between Heathrow and its airlines.

Lessons have been learned and relations between the airports and airlines have improved at an operational level. The overall reputation of Heathrow has improved immeasurably. And for all its faults, Heathrow remains a hugely attractive source of premium traffic. So much so that rival airlines are prepared to pay tens of millions of dollars for a single pair of arrival and departure slots.

However, BA’s parent company IAG does not pull any punches regarding the costs of the third runway and effectively accuses Heathrow of misleading the public on its cost.

Should a third runway ever be constructed it will have a significant competitive impact on BA. easyJet has indicated it will seek to secure access to Heathrow and a number of long-haul airlines will also be able to secure access. That all said, no-one can predict the state of the industry by the time the third runway opens.

Continue reading “BA100: 9. London Heathrow”